What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, occurs when malignant cells form in the lining of the stomach. It often develops slowly over many years and is typically diagnosed in advanced stages. Early-stage stomach cancer may not show symptoms, which is why regular check-ups are important. Stomach cancer is more common in older adults and has been linked to certain lifestyle factors and infections.

Types

The most common type of stomach cancer is adenocarcinoma, which originates in the cells lining the stomach. Other types of stomach cancer include:

• Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, making up about 90% of all stomach cancers. It typically begins in the mucous-producing cells in the inner lining of the stomach.
• Lymphoma: A type of cancer that starts in the immune cells of the stomach.
• GIST (Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor): A rare type of cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the stomach.
• Carcinoid Tumors: These tumors develop from hormone-producing cells in the stomach.

Symptoms

Early-stage stomach cancer often has no symptoms. As the cancer progresses, common symptoms may include:

• Persistent indigestion or discomfort in the stomach
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
• Nausea and vomiting, sometimes with blood
• Abdominal pain or bloating
• Blood in stool or vomit (which may appear as dark or black)

If any of these symptoms persist, it is important to seek medical advice.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of stomach cancer is unknown, but several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing it:

• Helicobacter pylori Infection: A bacterial infection that causes chronic inflammation in the stomach, increasing the risk of stomach cancer.
• Age: Stomach cancer is more common in people over the age of 60.
• Diet: A diet high in salty, smoked, or pickled foods, and low in fruits and vegetables, can increase the risk.
• Family History: Having a family member with stomach cancer may increase the risk.
• Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer.
• Genetic Factors: Certain inherited gene mutations may increase susceptibility to stomach cancer.
• Previous Stomach Surgery: Individuals who have had surgery to remove part of the stomach or other digestive issues are at a higher risk.
• Obesity: Being overweight may increase the risk of developing stomach cancer.

Stages of Stomach Cancer

The stage of stomach cancer refers to how far the cancer has spread:

• Stage 0: Cancer is confined to the inner lining of the stomach and has not spread.
• Stage I: Cancer has spread to the deeper layers of the stomach but has not yet reached nearby lymph nodes or other organs.
• Stage II: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and tissues.
• Stage III: Cancer has spread to more distant lymph nodes or other organs such as the liver or pancreas.
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread extensively to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing stomach cancer involves several tests to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its stage:

1. Endoscopy

A flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the stomach through the mouth to examine the lining and take biopsies for testing.

2. Biopsy

A small sample of tissue is taken from suspicious areas in the stomach for laboratory analysis to confirm cancer.

3. Imaging Tests

CT scans, ultrasounds, and MRIs can be used to detect the size and spread of the tumor, and whether it has affected other organs.

4. Blood Tests

Blood tests, including those that check for elevated levels of certain proteins or tumor markers, can help in diagnosing stomach cancer.

Treatment

Treatment for stomach cancer depends on its stage, type, and the patient's overall health. Common treatments include:

1. Surgery

Surgical options for stomach cancer may include:

• Partial Gastrectomy: Removal of part of the stomach where the cancer is located.
• Total Gastrectomy: Removal of the entire stomach in more advanced cases.
• Lymph Node Removal: Removal of lymph nodes around the stomach to prevent cancer spread.

2. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.

3. Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy.

4. Targeted Therapy

Targeted drugs work by targeting specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.

5. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells, often used in cases of advanced stomach cancer.

Prevention

While it may not be possible to completely prevent stomach cancer, certain steps can help reduce the risk:

• Quit smoking and avoid tobacco products.
• Maintain a healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
• Get screened for Helicobacter pylori infection and seek treatment if needed.
• Maintain a healthy weight and stay active.

Conclusion

Stomach cancer is a serious but treatable condition when detected early. Awareness of symptoms, regular screenings, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help in prevention and early detection. If you experience any persistent symptoms, consult a healthcare provider promptly.