What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, the reproductive glands in women responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Often referred to as a “silent disease,” ovarian cancer may not show noticeable symptoms until it has reached an advanced stage, making early detection critical for better outcomes.

Types

Ovarian cancer is classified into three main types based on the cells where it begins:

• Epithelial Tumors: These are the most common and develop in the thin tissue covering the outside of the ovary.
• Germ Cell Tumors: These rare tumors start in the cells that produce eggs.
• Stromal Tumors: These tumors originate in the ovarian tissue responsible for producing hormones.

Symptoms

Early-stage ovarian cancer often has no symptoms, but as it progresses, the following may occur:

• Bloating or abdominal swelling
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
• Frequent or urgent urination
• Fatigue, back pain, or upset stomach
• Menstrual irregularities
• Unexplained weight loss
• Pain during intercourse

If symptoms persist for more than two weeks, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood, but the following risk factors may increase its likelihood:

• Age: Most ovarian cancers occur in women over 50, particularly after menopause.
• Family History: A family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer increases the risk.
• Genetic Mutations: Mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, or other genes can significantly raise the risk.
• Reproductive History: Women who have never been pregnant or had late pregnancies are at higher risk.
• Hormone Therapy: Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may contribute to increased risk.
• Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it.
• Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, smoking, and a diet high in processed foods may also play a role.

Stages of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is staged based on the extent of its spread:

• Stage I: Cancer is confined to one or both ovaries.
• Stage II: Cancer has spread to other pelvic tissues.
• Stage III: Cancer has spread to the abdominal lining or lymph nodes.
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the liver or lungs.

Diagnosis

To diagnose ovarian cancer, healthcare providers may use the following methods:

1. Physical Examination

A pelvic exam to feel for lumps or abnormalities in the ovaries and uterus.

2. Imaging Tests

Ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs can provide detailed images of the ovaries and detect abnormalities.

3. Blood Tests

Tests like CA-125 measure levels of a protein that may be elevated in ovarian cancer.

4. Biopsy

A tissue sample is taken and examined to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment

Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on its type, stage, and other factors:

1. Surgery

The primary treatment involves removing the tumor, and in some cases, the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus.

2. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells, often used after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.

3. Targeted Therapy

Drugs like PARP inhibitors target specific pathways involved in the growth of ovarian cancer cells.

4. Radiation Therapy

Although less common, radiation therapy may be used in specific cases to shrink tumors.

5. Hormone Therapy

Used for certain types of ovarian cancer to block hormones that fuel tumor growth.

Prevention

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer, these steps may help reduce the risk:

• Use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills), which may reduce risk when used for several years.
• Maintaining a healthy weight and active lifestyle.
• Undergoing genetic testing if there is a family history of ovarian or breast cancer.
• Considering preventive surgery (e.g., removal of ovaries) for high-risk individuals.
• Limiting hormone replacement therapy.

Conclusion

Ovarian cancer is a challenging condition, but early diagnosis and advancements in treatment options have improved outcomes for many patients. Regular check-ups, awareness of symptoms, and addressing risk factors are essential for early detection and better management.