Blood cancer, also known as hematologic cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming tissues, such as the bone marrow, or in the cells of the immune system. There are three main types of blood cancer: leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
Blood cancers disrupt the normal functioning of the blood, affecting red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can impair the body's ability to fight infections, carry oxygen, and stop bleeding.
The three main types of blood cancer are:
Symptoms of blood cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:
The exact causes of blood cancer are not always known, but several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease:
The staging of blood cancer depends on the type. However, most types are either classified based on the progression of the disease or whether the cancer has spread:
The diagnosis of blood cancer generally involves several steps to determine the type of cancer, its stage, and how it is affecting the body. The diagnostic process may include:
- The doctor will ask about symptoms, family history, exposure to risk factors, and medical history.
- A physical exam may involve checking for swollen lymph nodes, spleen, or liver.
- **Complete blood count (CBC):** Measures the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal levels can indicate blood cancer.
- **Bone marrow biopsy:** A sample of bone marrow is taken to check for cancerous cells.
- **Genetic tests:** To identify specific mutations or abnormalities that may suggest blood cancer.
- **CT scan (Computed Tomography)** or **MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):** These tests help visualize enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, or other organs.
- **PET scan:** A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is sometimes used to assess the spread of lymphoma or myeloma.
- A sample of lymph node tissue is taken to examine it under a microscope and confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
- Some cancers may require testing for specific genetic mutations or proteins that can help determine the best treatment options.
Treatment for blood cancer depends on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient. Some of the main treatment approaches include:
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is often the first-line treatment for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, and may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
Stem cell transplant is a procedure where healthy stem cells are transplanted into the patient’s body to replace the diseased bone marrow. This is often used for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
Targeted therapies are designed to specifically target cancer cells by interfering with the molecules involved in cancer cell growth. These drugs are often used for lymphoma and leukemia treatment.
Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. It can include treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, or monoclonal antibodies for certain types of blood cancers.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It may be used for lymphoma to shrink tumors or for patients with bone lesions in myeloma.
Supportive care helps manage symptoms and side effects of treatment, such as pain management, blood transfusions, and antibiotics to prevent infections.
Blood cancers can be complex, but with early diagnosis and advances in treatment, many patients can achieve remission or prolonged survival. Treatment varies depending on the type of blood cancer, and personalized treatment plans are developed to ensure the best possible outcomes.